Epidemiological Profile and Clinical Spectrum of COPD Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Abstract

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in developing countries like India, where underdiagnosis and delayed treatment remain common. Understanding the epidemiological and clinical spectrum of COPD patients is essential for improving disease management. Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study included 110 spirometry-confirmed COPD patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Data on demographics, smoking history, comorbidities, nutritional status, pulmonary function, and radiological findings were collected using a structured proforma. Spirometric grading was performed according to GOLD criteria, and descriptive statistics were applied. Results: Most patients were older adults, with peak prevalence in the 61–65 years group (21.82%). A strong association with smoking was observed, with the largest subset having 56-60 pack-years (19.09%). Hypertension and diabetes were frequent comorbidities, with 40% of patients having both. Nearly one-fourth (25.45%) were underweighted, while 47.27% had normal BMI. Spirometry revealed predominantly moderate (40%) obstruction, followed by very severe (25.45%) and severe (20%) disease, indicating late presentation. Radiological findings were heterogeneous, with increased bronchovascular markings (26.36%) and emphysematous changes (22.73%) being common, though 26.36% had normal chest X-rays. Conclusion: COPD in this cohort was strongly linked to age and cumulative smoking exposure, frequently complicated by hypertension, diabetes, and undernutrition. Most patients presented in moderate to very severe stages, while radiological changes were variable and often non-specific. Early detection through routine spirometry, aggressive smoking cessation strategies, nutritional interventions, and integrated comorbidity management are essential to improve outcomes and reduce disease burden.