Lifestyle and Demographic Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus in India

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major non-communicable disease characterized by chronic Hyperglycemia, with type 2 diabetes forming the majority of cases. Its burden is rising rapidly worldwide, particularly in India, due to demographic transition, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and genetic predisposition. Identifying demographic and lifestyle factors associated with diabetes is critical for prevention and management. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 200 clinically and biochemically diagnosed diabetic patients. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, family history, body mass index (BMI), and lifestyle activity levels using a structured questionnaire. BMI was categorized according to WHO criteria, and lifestyle activity was classified as sedentary, mild, moderate, or vigorous. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyze the frequency distribution of risk factors. Results: The prevalence of diabetes increased progressively with age, with the majority of cases observed in patients above 60 years. Sedentary lifestyle was the most common activity level (33%), followed by moderate (26.5%), mild (21.5%), and vigorous (19%). Family history of diabetes was present in 76% of patients. Regarding BMI, 37% were obese, 29% overweight, 15.5% normal, and 18.5% underweight, with two-thirds of patients falling in the overweight/obese category. The findings demonstrate strong associations of diabetes with advancing age, sedentary lifestyle, positive family history, and higher BMI. Conclusion: Diabetes in this population was predominantly associated with modifiable factors such as sedentary lifestyle and obesity, along with non-modifiable determinants like age and family history. Preventive strategies focusing on lifestyle modification, weight management, and early screening of high-risk individuals are essential to reduce the growing diabetes burden in India.